Sauté the aromatics and toast the rice: Place a Dutch oven over medium-high heat and add the butter or oil. Note: If you don’t have an oven-safe pot with a lid, you can sauté this in a skillet and transfer it to a baking dish once everything’s toasted. Once the butter is melted and sizzling, add the minced shallots, garlic, and chili(s) (if using), along with a pinch of salt. Cook for 3 minutes, stirring every so often, until the shallots have softened. Reduce the heat to medium and add the turmeric, 1 teaspoon of salt, black pepper, and chipotle or chili powder. Toast for a minute, stirring frequently, then add the rinsed rice, and cook for an additional 3 minutes. Turn off the heat, and add the water, rice vinegar, bay leaves, and the remaining teaspoon of salt. Stir to combine.